Pak301 Assignment No. 1 - Solution

Solution

Describe the significance and contribution of Aligarh Movement for the revival and regeneration of the Muslims of Sub-Continent.

Syed Ahmad Khan's Aligarh Movement played a significant role in bringing about an intellectual revolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus it succeeded in achieving its major objectives, i.e. educational progress and social reform. His efforts earned Sir Syed the title "Prophet of Education".

Aligarh Movement was the movement led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, to educate the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent after the defeat of the rebels in the Indian rebellion of 1857. It had enormous success and had a profound impact on the future of the subcontinent. Its most significant achievement was the establishment of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh, which later became Aligarh Muslim University.

* Why did Sir Syed advise the Muslims to avoid joining active politics?
Syed advised the Muslims against joining active politics and to concentrate instead on education. Later, when some Muslims joined the Indian National Congress, he came out strongly against that organisation and its objectives, which included the establishment of parliamentary democracy in India. He argued that, in a country where communal divisions were all-important and education and political organisations were confined to a few classes, parliamentary democracy would work only inequitably. Muslims, generally, followed his advice and abstained from politics until several years later when they had established their own political organisation i.e. Muslim League.

Describe the significance and contribution of Aligarh Movement for the revival and regeneration of the Muslims of Sub-Continent. 

The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. The British chose to believe that the Muslims were responsible for the anti-British uprising; therefore they made them the subject of ruthless punishments and merciless vengeance. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their adversaries because they had ousted them from power. With the rebellion of 1857, this feeling was intensified and every attempt was made to ruin and suppress the Muslims forever. Their efforts resulted in the liquidation of the Mughal rule and the Sub-continent came directly under the British crown. 

After dislodging the Muslim rulers from the throne, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy banned Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and made English not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835. This spawned a negative attitude amongst the Muslims towards everything modern and western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime. This tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community. 

Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of India. He was convinced that the Muslims in their attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a very important phase of its existence, i.e., an era of science and learning. He knew that the realization of the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one. 

Sir Syed's first and foremost objective was to acquaint the British with the Indian mind; his next goal was to open the minds of his countrymen to European literature, science and technology. 

Therefore, in order to attain these goals, Sir Syed launched the Aligarh Movement of which Aligarh was the center. He had two immediate objectives in mind: to remove the state of misunderstanding and tension between the Muslims and the new British government, and to induce them to go after the opportunities available under the new regime without deviating in any way from the fundamentals of their faith. 

Keeping education and social reform as the two planks of his program, he launched the Aligarh Movement with the following objectives: 

1. To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslims. 

2. To persuade Muslims to learn English education. 

3. To persuade Muslims to abstain from politics of agitation. 

4. To produce an intellectual class from amongst the Muslim community

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Assignment No.1

Pak301

Fall 2010

Total Marks: 10

Due Date: October, 25, 2010

Objectives:

To asses students’ knowledge of the subject and to motivate them towards conceptual knowledge and practical application of the subject.

Instructions

   1. Late assignments will not be accepted.

   2. If the file is corrupt or problematic, it will be marked zero.

   3. Plagiarism will never be tolerated.Plagiarism occurs when a student uses work done by someone else as if it was his or her own.

   4. If any assignment is found copied work, no marks will be awarded and the case may be referred to the head of the academics for disciplinary action.

   5. No assignment will be accepted via e-mail.

   6. The file should be in Word doc form; the font color should be preferably black and font size can be 12 Times New Roman.

Guideline:

Try to be genuine and impressive in your approach.

Describe the significance and contribution of Aligarh Movement for the revival and regeneration of the Muslims of Sub-Continent. Why did Sir Syed advise the Muslims to avoid joining active politics?

................

SOLUTION:

* Describe the significance and contribution of Aligarh Movement for the revival and regeneration of the Muslims of Sub-Continent.

Syed Ahmad Khan's Aligarh Movement played a significant role in bringing about an intellectual revolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus it succeeded in achieving its major objectives, i.e. educational progress and social reform. His efforts earned Sir Syed the title "Prophet of Education".

Aligarh Movement was the movement led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, to educate the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent after the defeat of the rebels in the Indian rebellion of 1857. It had enormous success and had a profound impact on the future of the subcontinent. Its most significant achievement was the establishment of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh, which later became Aligarh Muslim University.

* Why did Sir Syed advise the Muslims to avoid joining active politics?

Syed advised the Muslims against joining active politics and to concentrate instead on education. Later, when some Muslims joined the Indian National Congress, he came out strongly against that organisation and its objectives, which included the establishment of parliamentary democracy in India. He argued that, in a country where communal divisions were all-important and education and political organisations were confined to a few classes, parliamentary democracy would work only inequitably. Muslims, generally, followed his advice and abstained from politics until several years later when they had established their own political organisation i.e. Muslim League.

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Describe the significance and contribution of Aligarh Movement for the revival and regeneration of the Muslims of Sub-Continent.
The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. The British chose to believe that the Muslims were responsible for the anti-British uprising; therefore they made them the subject of ruthless punishments and merciless vengeance. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their adversaries because they had ousted them from power. With the rebellion of 1857, this feeling was intensified and every attempt was made to ruin and suppress the Muslims forever. Their efforts resulted in the liquidation of the Mughal rule and the Sub-continent came directly under the British crown.

After dislodging the Muslim rulers from the throne, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy banned Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and made English not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835. This spawned a negative attitude amongst the Muslims towards everything modern and western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime. This tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community.

Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of India. He was convinced that the Muslims in their attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a very important phase of its existence, i.e., an era of science and learning. He knew that the realization of the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one.

Sir Syed's first and foremost objective was to acquaint the British with the Indian mind; his next goal was to open the minds of his countrymen to European literature, science and technology.

Therefore, in order to attain these goals, Sir Syed launched the Aligarh Movement of which Aligarh was the center. He had two immediate objectives in mind: to remove the state of misunderstanding and tension between the Muslims and the new British government, and to induce them to go after the opportunities available under the new regime without deviating in any way from the fundamentals of their faith.

Keeping education and social reform as the two planks of his program, he launched the Aligarh Movement with the following objectives:

1. To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslims.

2. To persuade Muslims to learn English education.

3. To persuade Muslims to abstain from politics of agitation.

4. To produce an intellectual class from amongst the Muslim community

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Another solution:

Part A

Aligarh Movement:
The founder of Aligarh Movement was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. After the War of Independence 1857 Muslim were badly suffered by the British. The British thought that Muslims were the main cause of this war. They made every attempt to ruin the Muslims. In order to safe the Muslims Sir Syed Ahmad Khan came forward. For doing this he started Aligarh Movement. The main objectives of Aligarh Movement are as under.
1. To remove the misunderstanding between the British and Muslims and to put them on the right path of Quran and Sunnah .
2. To gave the modern education to the Muslims of the Sub-Continent.
3. To keep away the Muslims from taking part in Politics.

Sir Syed attracted many people towards himself. Among them were Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk, Nawab Viqar Ul Mulk, Hali, Shibli, Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh Ali and Mohammad Hayat. Due to Aligarh Movement he was able to build Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental in 1875 which was then raised to college level at 1877 and to University level in 1920. Sir Syed later clearly stated that the Hindus and Muslims of the Sub-Continent are opposite nations which had their own social and political rights. This is called Two Nation Theory and due to this later Pakistan came into existence

Part B:
Sir Syed avoids the Muslims from taking parting active Politics and told to concentrate on their education. He strongly advised the Muslims not to involve themselves in the Politics because the politics of that time were only working for the Hindu rights. They pay no attention to the Muslims of the Sub-Continent. Muslims generally follows his advice and keep themselves away from the politics but later when their own Political Party, Muslim League, was established they took part in that.

PAK301 GDB solution

What do you know about the most recently held series of talks between Pakistani and Indian Foreign Ministers? Why did these talks fail to produce any positive result?

Idea Solution:-

Helping Material
NEW DELHI: Indian newspapers on Saturday blamed Pakistan's foreign minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi for the “failure” of peace talks earlier in the week between the two countries.

“Qureshi kills peace talks,” read a headline on the front page of leading circulation daily The Times of India, a day after Indian foreign minister S.M. Krishna returned to New Delhi from Islamabad.

The strongly worded comments came after the discussions, meant to build trust between nuclear-armed India and Pakistan, soured over what Islamabad charged was India's “selective” approach to outstanding issues.

Another top-selling daily The Economic Times accused Islamabad of pushing ties “off the diplomatic rails ... by sidelining New Delhi's main demand for action” against the perpetrators of the 2008 Mumbai Islamic militant attacks.

India's Hindustan Times accused Pakistan of “ambush diplomacy” by seeking to set a fixed timeframe to resolve key issues such as the row over disputed Muslim-majority Kashmir, the trigger of two of three wars between the nations.

This led to the “meeting's failure,” the newspaper said.

Qureshi on Friday had accused India of “narrowing down the talks” by focusing exclusively on militancy rather than the whole range of issues between the countries, including the status of Kashmir and water access rights.

He said Pakistan wanted the discussions to lead to the creation of a “roadmap” for better relations. “But Indians felt they did not have the mandate to commit to it,” Qureshi said.

Despite the chilly atmosphere, both Qureshi and Krishna have agreed to meet again in New Delhi to pursue improved relations that were derailed by the Mumbai carnage in which 166 people died. – AFP

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Pak301 Assignment solution

Do you think that the 1962 Constitution was a presidential type constitution? Discuss the powers of the president under this constitution.

SOLUTION:-

The Constitution of 1962 consisted of 250 Articles, which were divided into 12 Parts and three Schedules. It advocated presidential form of government with absolute powers vested in the President. The President was to be a Muslim not less than 35 years of age. The term of the President was for five years and nobody could hold the post for more than two consecutive terms. The President was the head of the state

The Constitution of 1962 provided for a unicameral legislature. The National Assembly was to consist of 156 members, including six women. The Eighth Amendment later increased this number to 218. Principle of parity was retained and seats were distributed equally between the two wings of the country. Principle of Basic Democracy was introduced for the first time in the country and the system of indirect elections was presented. Only 80,000 Basic Democrats were given the right to vote in the presidential elections. The Eighth Amendment later increased this number to 120,000. Half of them were to be from the Eastern Wing, the rest from the Western Wing of the country.

According to the Constitution of 1962, the Executive was not separated from the Legislature. The President exercised veto power in the legislative affairs and could even veto a bill passed by the National Assembly with a two-third majority. He had the power to issue ordinances when the Assembly was not in session. The ordinance needed the approval of the National Assembly within 48 days of its first meeting or 108 days after its promulgation. However, if the President enforced emergency in the country, which according to the constitution was within his jurisdictions, then the ordinances needed no approval from the legislative body.

The President had the power to dissolve the National Assembly. Federal form of government was introduced in the country with most of the powers reserved for the Central Government. There was a federal list of subjects over which the provinces had no jurisdiction. Principle of One Unit for West Pakistan was maintained and the number of seats for Punjab was curtailed to 40 percent in the Western Wing for the initial five years. Provincial Governors were to enjoy the same position in the provinces, which the President was to enjoy in the center.

Islamic clauses were included in the Constitution. These could not be challenged in any court of law. The state was named the Republic of Pakistan, but the first amendment added the word "Islamic" to the name. The word "Islam" and not "Quran and Sunnah" was used in the Islamic clauses to give a liberal touch to the Constitution. The Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology was introduced whose job was to recommend to the government ways and means to enable Muslims to live their lives according to the teachings of Islam.

The Constitution of 1962 was a written Constitution upholding the fundamental rights of the citizens. Under the Constitution, the Judiciary had little independence and the appointment of the Chief Justices and Judges of the Supreme and High Courts was in the hands of the President. The President also had the power to remove a judge after an inquiry on misconduct or on the basis of mental or physical illness.

Both Urdu and Bengali were made the national languages of Pakistan and English was declared as the official language of the country for the first ten years. The Constitution was flexible in nature and could be amended by a two-third majority in the National Assembly and with the approval of the President. In its short life of seven years, eight amendments were made in the Constitution. as well as the head of the Government. The President had the power to appoint Provincial Governors, Federal Ministers, Advocate General, Auditor General and Chairmen and Members of various administrative commissions. As the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Pakistan, the appointment of the chiefs of the forces was also his duty.

Please do make changes in these assignment otherwise every one who copy this assignment as it is will awarded zero marks

PAK 301, Assignment's solution by VUsolutions

Highlight the importance of 14 points of Jinnah in the political history of the Sub-Continent?


Many Muslims were not enthusiastic about the Nehru report.Among them Mohammed Ali Jinnah was a prominent figure. Jinnah felt that Muslims had sacrificed too much in order to reach a compromise the issue of communal representation. As for example, they had allowed congress to go back on concessions granted by the Lucknow pact of 1916. Jinnah declared himself to be anxious for a harmonious settlement. At an `all-parties` convention held in Calcutta in December, he pleaded for unity. He declared that `we are sons of this land we have to live together`, but at the same time he asked for more safeguards for Muslims. His proposed amendments were rejected and he walked out of the convention.

Jinnah then allied himself with the less progressive Muslims, on whose behalf he drew up a list of principles. These principles are popularly known as the so-called fourteen points. These fourteen points represented the Muslim`s minimum demands. These included separate elevates, the reservation of one-third of the seats in the legislative assembly for Muslims although the community accounted for only one-quarter of the ration, and the creation of Muslim majority provinces. Later the league formally rejected the Nehru report. A brief period of Hindu Muslim co-operation had come to an end.

This unfortunate development seemed to be offset for a while by change for the better in the attitude of the British. The labour party had promised so much to Indian nationalism. It came to power in the British elections. The viceroy lord Irwin, went to London, and on his return stated that the government accepted that `the natural issue of India`s constitutional progress` was `minion status`. He also announced that a round table conference, to which Indian leaders would invited, would be held to work out a constitution for India.

In England, there was still considerable opposition to Indian aspirations despite the viceroy`s assurances. The labour party did not have a clear majority, and imperialist interests were still powerful. Lord Birkenhead, the former secretary of state, declared `no one had the right to tell the people of India that they were likely to attain dominion status` but hopes were still high in India. It was stated only two months after Irwin`s statement. In the `Delhi manifesto`, Gandhiji, the two Nehru, Tej Bahadur Sapru and others, pledged their co-operation in evolving a dominion constitution. But when Gandhiji, the elder Nehru and others met the viceroy in December, Irwin said that he could not promise that the British government would grant dominion status. This turnabout settled matters for Gandhiji. From this moment he dropped his opposition to complete independence.

Importance of Jinnah’s Fourteen Points A comparison of the Nehru Report with the Quaid-e-Azam’s Fourteen points shows that the political gap between the Muslims and the Hindus had really widened. Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam became principles for Muslims of India. These points made it clear to Hindus and British Government that Muslims wanted their own identity without influence by Hindus. Fourteen points not only revived Muslim League but also directed them on a new way. These points prepared the Muslims of India for a bold step to struggle for freedom. The importance of these points can be judged by the fact that these points were presented in the Round Table Conference of 1930. As a result, these points became the demands of the Muslims and greatly influenced the Muslims thinking for the next two decades till the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.

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PAK301 Assignment's Solution from VUsolutions

Highlight the importance of 14 points of Jinnah in the political history of the Sub-Continent?

Many Muslims were not enthusiastic about the Nehru report.Among them Mohammed Ali Jinnah was a prominent figure. Jinnah felt that Muslims had sacrificed too much in order to reach a compromise the issue of communal representation. As for example, they had allowed congress to go back on concessions granted by the Lucknow pact of 1916. Jinnah declared himself to be anxious for a harmonious settlement. At an `all-parties` convention held in Calcutta in December, he pleaded for unity. He declared that `we are sons of this land we have to live together`, but at the same time he asked for more safeguards for Muslims. His proposed amendments were rejected and he walked out of the convention.

Jinnah then allied himself with the less progressive Muslims, on whose behalf he drew up a list of principles. These principles are popularly known as the so-called fourteen points. These fourteen points represented the Muslim`s minimum demands. These included separate elevates, the reservation of one-third of the seats in the legislative assembly for Muslims although the community accounted for only one-quarter of the ration, and the creation of Muslim majority provinces. Later the league formally rejected the Nehru report. A brief period of Hindu Muslim co-operation had come to an end.

This unfortunate development seemed to be offset for a while by change for the better in the attitude of the British. The labour party had promised so much to Indian nationalism. It came to power in the British elections. The viceroy lord Irwin, went to London, and on his return stated that the government accepted that `the natural issue of India`s constitutional progress` was `minion status`. He also announced that a round table conference, to which Indian leaders would invited, would be held to work out a constitution for India.

In England, there was still considerable opposition to Indian aspirations despite the viceroy`s assurances. The labour party did not have a clear majority, and imperialist interests were still powerful. Lord Birkenhead, the former secretary of state, declared `no one had the right to tell the people of India that they were likely to attain dominion status` but hopes were still high in India. It was stated only two months after Irwin`s statement. In the `Delhi manifesto`, Gandhiji, the two Nehru, Tej Bahadur Sapru and others, pledged their co-operation in evolving a dominion constitution. But when Gandhiji, the elder Nehru and others met the viceroy in December, Irwin said that he could not promise that the British government would grant dominion status. This turnabout settled matters for Gandhiji. From this moment he dropped his opposition to complete independence.

Importance of Jinnah’s Fourteen Points A comparison of the Nehru Report with the Quaid-e-Azam’s Fourteen points shows that the political gap between the Muslims and the Hindus had really widened. Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam became principles for Muslims of India. These points made it clear to Hindus and British Government that Muslims wanted their own identity without influence by Hindus. Fourteen points not only revived Muslim League but also directed them on a new way. These points prepared the Muslims of India for a bold step to struggle for freedom. The importance of these points can be judged by the fact that these points were presented in the Round Table Conference of 1930. As a result, these points became the demands of the Muslims and greatly influenced the Muslims thinking for the next two decades till the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.